Sumatra The Golden Island

Sumatera (Sumatra), located in Indonesia, the island is the sixth largest island in the world, with an area of 443,065.8 km2. Sumatra island population is about 42,409,510 inhabitants (2000). The island is often called Percha Island, Andalas, or Suwarnadwipa (Sanskrit word meaning Gold Island). Then on Padang Roco Inscription (1286) inscribed swarnnabhūmi and Bhumi Malayu to call this island. Later in the Negarakertagama script (14th century) also called Tanah Malayu for the island.

The origin name of Sumatra was originated from the existence of Samudera Kingdom (located on the east coast of Aceh). Begins with a visit Ibn Battuta, an adventurer from Morocco to this island in 1345, he pronounced the word Indian to Samatrah, and then became Sumatra or Sumatra, then these names are listed in the maps made by the Portuguese Empire in the 16th century, as a reference material on this island that became known widely until now.

Geographical Condition

Island of Sumatra is located in the western part of the constellation Islands Nusantara. In the north of the island borders the Bay of Bengal, on the east by the Strait of Malacca, on the south by the Strait of Sunda, and on the west by the Indian Ocean. To the east of the island of Sumatra there are many swamps with large rivers, among others; Asahan (North Sumatra), Kampar, Siak and Indragiri River (Riau), Batang Hari (West Sumatra, Jambi), Ketahun (Bengkulu), Musi, Ogan, Lematang, Komering (South Sumatra), and Way Sekampung (Lampung).

In the western part of Sumatra Island, lies the Bukit Barisan which ran from north to south. Only a few areas of the island suitable for rice farming. Along the lines of the hill there are volcanoes, which until now still active, such as Merapi (West Sumatra), Bukit Kaba (Bengkulu), and Kerinci (Jambi). Sumatra Island has many large lakes, among them Laut Tawar (Aceh), Lake Toba (North Sumatra), Lake Singkarak, Lake Maninjau, Lake Diatas, and Lake Dibawah (West Sumatra), and the Lake Ranau (Lampung and Bengkulu).

Etymology

Original name Sumatra, as noted in historical sources and folk tales is Island of Gold. The term ameh island (Minangkabau language, means the island of gold) found in the story Cindur Mata from the Minangkabau. In Lampung folklore there is a terms tanoh mas to refer to the island of Sumatra. A traveler from China named I-sing (634-713) called Sumatra with a chin-chou which means golden land. In various inscriptions, Sumatra, called by the Sanskrit name: Suwarnadwipa (island of gold) or Suwarnabhumi (golden land). These names are used in Indian texts BC. Manuscript oldest Buddhist, Jataka Book, told Indian sailors across the Bay of Bengal to the Suwarnabhumi. Ramayana story is told in the search for Dewi Sinta abducted by Ravana until the Suwarnadwipa. Arab travelers Sumatra island by the name of Serendib (exactly: Suwarandib), transliteration of the name Suwarnadwipa. Abu Raihan al-Biruni, Persian geographers who visited the kingdom of Srivijaya in 1030, said that the kingdom was located on the island Suwarandib. But there are also people who identify Serendib in Sri Lanka, who never called Suwarnadwipa.

Among the ancient Greeks, Sumatra was known by the name Taprobana. Name Taprobana insula has been used by Klaudios Ptolemaios, Greek geographer of the second century AD, when he describes the Southeast Asian region in his Geographike Hyphegesis. Ptolemaios wrote that in one area of the Taprobana Island there is Barousai country. Perhaps the area in question is Barus which is located on the west coast of Sumatra, which is famous since ancient times as a producer of mothballs.

Greek manuscripts (70th AD) Periplous test Erythras Thalasses, revealed that Taprobana also known chryse nesos, which means island of gold. Since ancient times, traders from the area around the Mediterranean had come Nusantara, especially Sumatra. In addition to searching for gold, they are looking for incense (Styrax sumatrana) and camphor (Dryobalanops aromatica) who was only in Sumatra. In contrast, the Nusantara’s merchants had also sailed to the West Asia and East Africa for trade, as stated in the manuscript Historia Naturalis by Plini first century AD.

In the book of the Jewish people, Melakim (the Kings), chapter 9, Solomon explained that as king of Israel received 420 talents of gold from Hiram, king of Tyrus, who became his subordinate. Gold was obtained from Ophir country. Kitab al-Qur'an, Surat Al-Anbiya '81, explained that the ships of Solomon as sailed to bless our land (al-ardha l-lati barak-Na fiha).
Many historians argue that the country Ophir was located in Sumatra. It should be noted, the city of Tyrus is the marketing center of goods from the Far East. Ptolemaios also write Geographike Hyphegesis based on information from a merchant from the city of Tyrus named Marinus. And many European adventurers in the 15th century and the 16th for gold to Sumatra in the belief that therein lays Ophir country as Solomon.
Samudera became Sumatera
The name Sumatra comes from the name of Ocean, the kingdom of Aceh in the 13th and the 14th century. European travelers since the 15th century royal name were to call the whole island. Similarly, the island of Borneo was once called Borneo, from Brunei's name, the island's northern part which first visited by Europeans. Similarly, Lombok Island was named Selaparang, while Lombok is a region on the east coast of the island Selaparang stop off at first Portuguese sailors.
The transition name from Samudera (a kingdom) to Sumatra (island name) is interesting to trace. Odorico da Pardenone in the story of his voyage in 1318 mentioned that he sailed to the east of the Coromandel, India, for 20 days, and then reached the Sumoltra kingdom. Ibn Bathutah told in the book Rihlah Masyriq ila l-(travels to the East) that in 1345 he stopped at Samatrah kingdom. In the next century, the name of the country or kingdom of Aceh was taken over by other travelers to mention the entire island.
In the year 1490, Ibn Majid create a map of the area around the Indian Ocean and there is written Samatrah island. Map of Ibn Majid was copied by Roteiro in 1498 and appeared Camatarra name. Map made by the Amerigo Vespucci in 1501 appeared the name Samatara, while maps made by Masser in 1506 led to Samatra name. Ruy d'Araujo in 1510 the island was call the island by the name Camatra, and Alfonso Albuquerque in 1512 to write the name Camatora. Antonio Pigafetta in 1521 was wearing a rather correct name Somatra. But many other travelers are notes more chaotic with writing Samoterra, Samotra, Sumotra, even Zamatra and Zamatora.
According to the records of the Dutch and English since Jan Huygen van Linschoten and Sir Francis Drake in the 16th century are always consistent in the writing of Sumatra. This form is to be fixed, and then adjusted to the pronunciation of Indonesian Sumatra.
Population
In general, the island of Sumatra inhabited by the Malays, which is divided into several tribes. Major tribes are Acehnese, Batak, Melayu, Minangkabau, Lampung and Histories. In the eastern coastal region of North Sumatra and big cities such as Medan, Palembang, and Pekanbaru many ethnic Tionghoa settled. Sumatra island population is only concentrated in the region of East Sumatra and the Minangkabau highlands. Sumatra livelihoods are mostly as farmers, fishermen, and traders.
Population of Sumatra Island is Muslim majority and minorities are Protestant, especially in the area Tapanuli, Nias Island Nias and North Sumatra. In urban areas, such as Medan, Pekanbaru and Palembang, there are also some Buddhist people.
Transportation
Cities in Sumatera Island connected by three cross streets, which cross the middle, across the east, and west traffic. In some parts of Sumatra Island, the train is an alternative means of transportation. In the south, the railway line starts from the port of Panjang (Lampung) to Lubuk Linggau and Palembang (South Sumatra). In the middle of the island of Sumatra, the railway line only occurred in West Sumatra. This route connects the city of Padang with Sawah Lunto and the city of Padang Pariaman. During Dutch colonial rule until the year 2001, the line of Padang - Sawah Lunto used for transporting coal. But since the coal reserves in Ombilin began to thin out, and then this path does not work anymore. Since the end of 2006, the West Sumatra provincial government, re-activate this pathway as a tourist railway.
In the northern part of Sumatra Island, the railway line runs from Medan to the Tebing Tinggi city. At this point, the train used as a means of transportation of oil palm and passengers.
International flights are served on the island of Sumatra from Banda Aceh (International Airport Sultan Iskandar Muda), Medan (Polonia International Airport), and Padang (Minangkabau International Airport). While the sea port in Teluk Bayur (Padang) and Belawan (Medan).
Economy
Island of Sumatra is rich in agricultural produce. From among the five richest provinces in Indonesia, there are three provinces on Sumatra Island, the province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, Riau and South Sumatra. The main results of Sumatra Island are palm oil, tobacco, petroleum, tin, bauxite, coal and natural gas. Mining results is largely processed by foreign companies, such as PT Caltex petroleum processing in the province of Riau.
Places where the mine is producing the goods:
1. Arun (NAD) produces natural gas,
2. Pangkalan Brandan (North Sumatra) produces oil,
3. Duri, Dumai and Bengkalis (Riau), produces oil,
4. Tanjung Enim (South Sumatra) produces coal,
5. Plaju and Gerong River (South Sumatra), produces oil,
6. Tanjung Pinang (Riau Islands) produces bauxite,
7. Indarung (West Sumatra) produces cement,
8. Sawahlunto (West Sumatra) produces coal,
Several cities on the island of Sumatra are also a city of commerce that is important. Medan is the largest city on the island of Sumatra; the city is a major trading town on the island. Many large companies nationally headquartered here.
List of Provinces on the island of Sumatra:
1. Aceh
2. Sumatera Utara
3. Sumatera Barat
4. Riau
5. Jambi
6. Sumatera Selatan
7. Bengkulu
8. Lampung
List of mountains on the island of Sumatra:
1. Mount Dempo (3159 m)
2. Mount Kerinci (3.805 m)
3. Mount Leuser (3172 m)
4. Mount Marapi (2,891.3 m)
5. Mount Perkison (2300 m)
6. Mount Pesagi
7. Mount Sekincau (1718 m)
8. Mount Seulawah Agam (1.726 m)
9. Mount Sibayak (2.212 m)
10. Mount Singgalang (2.877 m)
11. Mount Talamau (2,912 m)
12. Mount Tandikat (2438 m)
13. Mount Tanggamus (1162 m)
14. Mount Rajabasa (1281 m)

Admiral Cheng Ho The Ocean Conqueror

Admiral Zheng He (Cheng Ho's original name / his Arab name is Haji Mahmud Shams / His Indonesia name is Dampo Awang) (1371 to 1433), was a famous sailor and explorer famous China to do some exploration between the years 1405 to 1433.

Biography
Zheng He was a Muslim eunuch who became the confidant of the Yongle Emperor of China (reigned in 1403-1424), the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty. Its original name was Ma He, also known as Ma Sanbao, comes from Yunnan province. When the Sun forces conquered Yunnan, Zheng He was captured and later used as eunuchs. He is Hui tribes, nations, which are physically similar to the Han, but the Islamic religion.
Zheng He sailed to Malacca in the 15th century.
In 1424, Emperor Yongle died. His successor, Emperor Hongxi (ruled 1424-1425 year, decided to reduce the environmental impact of royal eunuchs. Zheng He made one more expedition during the reign of Emperor Xuande (reigned 1426-1435).

Exploration
Zheng He expeditions to various regions in Asia and Africa, among others:

1. Vietnam,

2. Taiwan,

3. Malacca / part of Malaysia,

4. Sumatra / parts of Indonesia,

5. Java / parts of Indonesia,

6. Sri Lanka,

7. Southern India,

8. Persian,

9. Persian Gulf,

10. Arabic,

11. Red Sea, north to Egypt Africa,

12. to the south of the Mozambique Channel.

Because the Islamic religion, his friends know that the Zheng He was eager to perform Hajj to Mecca as has been done by his late father, but the archeologists and historians do not yet have hard evidence on this point. Zheng He's expedition made at least seven times by using the ship fleet.
Zheng He led seven expeditions to the place called by the China people as Western Ocean (Ocean Indonesia). He brings many gifts and more than 30 royal envoys to China - including King Alagonakkara from Sri Lanka, who came to China to apologize to the Emperor.Zheng He's journey notes on the two last voyages, which is believed to be a distant voyage, unfortunately destroyed by the Emperor Dynasty ching

Fleet
This fleet consisted of 27,000 men and 307 ships (fleet) ships. It’s consists of large and small ships, from ship-poster poster display screen three to nine. Largest vessel has a length of approximately 400 feet or 120 meters and width of 160 feet or 50 meters. Framework of the ship consists of bamboo China. During the voyage they carry a variety of supplies including animals such as cows, chickens and goats which can then be slaughtered for the crew during the journey. In addition, he also brought so much bamboo parts of China as a mast following order also does not miss with Silk fabrics for sale.

Homecoming
In this expedition, Zheng He brought back a variety of awards and the messenger more than 30 kingdoms - including King Alagonakkara from Sri Lanka, who came to China to apologize to the emperor of China. At the time of Zheng He brought back a lot of valuables such as tree bark and sap artificial stone (ruby, emerald, etc.) and even some Africans, Indians and Arabs as proof of his journey. It also brought home some native animals of Africa, including a pair of giraffe as a gift from one of the King of Africa, but unfortunately one giraffe died on the way home.

Records
Life magazine put on Zheng He's 14th ranked the most important person in the last millennium. Zheng He's journey produces Zheng Navigation Maps that can change the navigation map of the world until the 15th century. In this book there are 24 map of cruise navigation on the direction, distance at sea, and the various ports.
Zheng He was the explorer with the largest fleet in world history has ever recorded. Also has the largest timber ships, and most of all time to date. In addition to that he was the leader of the wise and prudent, given the fleet that was so much he and his men never invaded any country or region where the fleet anywhere closes.
During in India, including to Calcutta, the men also brought a local martial art called "Kallary Payatt" which was developed in the country after China adapted as Kung Fu martial arts.

Zheng He and Indonesia
Cheng Ho visited the islands in Indonesia for seven times. When visiting the kingdom Samudera Pasai Ocean, he gave a giant bell Cakra Donya to the Sultan of Aceh, which is now stored in the museum in Banda Aceh.
Year 1415, Cheng Ho anchored in Muara Jati (Cirebon), and presents some unique souvenirs of China to the Sultan of Cirebon. One legacy, a plate that read paragraph Chairs are still stored in the Palace Kasepuhan Cirebon.
Once on his way through the Java Sea, Wang Jinghong (the second person in the fleet of Zheng He) was seriously ill. Wang finally got off at the beach Simongan, Semarang, and settled there. One legacy of evidence include Sam Po Kong temple (Gedung Batu) and a statue called Mbah Ledakar Squire Awang Dampo Sam Po Kong.
Cheng Ho also visited the Majapahit kingdom during the reign of king Wikramawardhana.
According to the book OVERVIEW HISTORY OF MADURA made by Dr. Abdurrahman, Dampo Awang killed in battle by Prince Jokotole / Prince Secodiningrat III / Prince Setyodiningrat III of Sumenep Kingdom.
Dampo Awang was killed in Bancaran (ie, bâncarlaan), Bangkalan. Meanwhile, Dampo Awang plates falling in the Ujung Piring, which by now are the name of the village in the district Bangkalan City. While anchors fall in the Village / District Socah

Vereenigde Oost Indische Compagnie

Vereenigde Oost Indische Compagnie (United East Indies Company) or the VOC which was established on March 20, 1602 is a Dutch company that has a monopoly for trade activities in Asia. It’s called the East Indies because there is a VWC of the West Indies trade unions. The company is regarded as the first company to issue shares.

Although VOC is a trading company, but has the privilege because it is supported by the government and given some special facilities. For example, the VOC may have an army and may negotiate with other countries or can be said is the state in the country.

VOC consisted of 6 Part (kamers) in Amsterdam, Middelburg (for Zeeland), Enkhuizen, Delft, Hoorn and Rotterdam. Delegations from these parts/kamers come together as the Heeren XVII (Gentlemen XVII). Kamers delegation contributed to the seventeen in accordance with the proportion of capital that they pay; the number of delegates Amsterdam kamers is eight.
In Indonesia the Company has the popular name Kompeni or Kumpeni. The term is derived from the word Compagnie in the company's full name in Dutch. But the Nusantara people more familiar Kompeni is the Dutch army for suppressing and extortion to the people as the same as the Dutch army

Background

The arrival of the Europeans through the sea route pioneered by Vasco da Gama, who sailed in the year 1497-1498 from Europe to India via the Cape of Good Hope, is located at the southern tip of Africa. This causes them no longer need to compete with the merchants of the Middle East to East Asia, which has been pursued through a dangerous land route. At first, the main purpose of European nations to the East and Southeast Asia, including to Indonesia is for trade, as well as the Dutch. This trade mission followed by a political settlement (colonization) conducted by the Dutch with the kingdoms in Java, Sumatra and Maluku. While in Suriname and Curaçao, the Dutch goal from the beginning is pure colonization (settlement). With the background of this trade was the beginning of the era of colonization to the nation of Indonesia (Dutch Indies).

In the 16th century spice trade was dominated by the Portuguese with the port of Lisbon as the main port. Before the revolution in the Dutch city of Antwerp has an important role as a distributor in Northern Europe, but after the year 1591 Portuguese establish cooperation with firms from Germany, Spain and Italy by using the port of Hamburg as a major port as a place to distribute goods from Asia, so move trade route with no past the Dutch. But the trade was conducted by the Portuguese is inefficient and unable to continue supplying the rising demand, especially pepper. Non-current supply causes the price of pepper was expensive at the moment. In addition, Unification of Portugal and the Kingdom of Spain (Portugal was in a state of war with the Dutch at that time) in the year 1580, causing concern for the Dutch. The situation prompted the Dutch entered the spice trade Intercontinental. In January, Huyghen van Linschoten and Cornelis de Houtman's voyage to find the secret path Portuguese, which brought the first sailing Cornelis de Houtman to Banten, the main port in Java in 1595-1597.

In the year 1596 four-ship expedition led by Cornelis de Houtman sailed to Indonesia, and Indonesia is the first contact with the Dutch. This expedition reached the port of Banten, the main pepper port of West Java, where they clashed with the Portuguese and the local population. Houtman sailed eastward through the northern coast of Java and had been attacked by local residents "Sedayu" which resulted in 12 Dutch sailors were killed. In addition, they are also at odds with the local population in Madura, causing the killing of a local leader. After losing half of the crew in the next year they decided to return to the Netherlands but the spices which they had brought enough to generate profits.


British merchants are starting to establish trading companies in Asia on December 31, 1600 called The Britisch East India Company and headquartered in Calcutta. Then the Dutch established their trading companies in Asia in 1602 and France did not want to miss and founded French East India Company in 1604.

On March 20, 1602, Dutch traders established Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie - VOC (East India Trade Association). In those days, there was competition between European countries, namely Portuguese, Spanish English, French and Dutch, to fight the trade in order to control East Asia. To face the problem, by "Staaten Generaal" in the Netherlands, the VOC is authorized to have his own army. In addition, the Company also has an agreement for goven the state and declared war against a country. This authority resulted in trade associations such as the VOC can act as a nation.

VOC established his headquarters in Batavia (now Jakarta), Java. Other colonial postal also established elsewhere in the East Indies (Indonesia), as in the spice islands (Moluccas), which include the Banda Islands where VOC run monopoly on nutmeg and mace. The method used VOC to maintain the monopoly, including acts of violence against the local population, as well as extortion and mass murder.

In the year 1603 VOC obtained permission to set up representative offices in Jakarta, and in 1610 Pieter Both was appointed first Governor-General of the East India Company (1610-1614), but he chose "Jayakarta" as the basis for the VOC administration. Meanwhile, Frederick de Houtman was governor of the VOC in Ambon (1605 - 1611) and after it became Governor for Maluku (1621 to 1623).

Previleges
Privileges listed in the "Oktrooi" (Charter / Charta) on March 20, 1602 include:Monopoly rights to trade and sailing in the region east of Cape of Good Hope and west of the Strait of Magellan and the control of trade for its own sake;
Rights of sovereignty (soevereiniteit) that can act like a state:
1. have the army,
2. Declare war and make peace,
3. Seize and occupy foreign areas outside the Netherlands,
4. Govern these areas,
5. Set / remove the coin itself,
6. To levy taxes.

Timeline
In 1652, Jan van Riebeeck set up the post on the Cape of Good Hope (the southern tip of Africa, now South Africa) to provide for the VOC ships on their way to East Asia. This heading later became the colony when more Dutch and other Europeans began to live in this place. Pos VOC also established in Persia (now Iran), Bengal (now Bangladesh) and part of India, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), Malacca (now Malaysia), Siam (now Thailand), mainland China (Canton), Formosa (now Taiwan) , and southern India. In 1662, Koxinga expelled the Dutch from Taiwan.

In 1669, the VOC was the richest private company in history, with more than 150 commercial boats, 40 warships, 50,000 employees, a private army with 10,000 troops, with the percentage of dividend payment 40%.
The company is almost always at odds with the British; VOC and British relations deteriorated during the massacre in the city of Ambon in the year 1623. In the 18th century, VOC ownership was based in the East Indies. After the fourth war between the United Provinces and England (1780-1784), the VOC have financial difficulties, and on March 17, 1798, the company was dissolved, after the Netherlands was invaded by the armies of Napoleon Bonaparte of France. East Indies handed over to the Kingdom of the Netherlands by the Congress of Vienna in 1815.

Prambanan the Largest Hindu Temple Complex

Rara Jonggrang Temple or Lara Jonggrang located in Prambanan, Central Java is the largest Hindu temple complex in Indonesia. This temple is located on Java island, approximately 20 km east of Yogyakarta, 40 km west of Surakarta and 120 km south of Semarang, lies precisely on the border between the provinces of Central Java and Yogyakarta Special Region. Rara Jonggrang/Prambanan temple is located in the village whose territory is divided between the districts of Sleman and Klaten. This temple was built in 850 AD by one of these two, namely: Pikatan Rakai, king of the dynasty of Mataram I or Balitung Maha Sambu, during Sanjaya dynasty. Not long after construction, the temple was abandoned and began to corrupt.

Renovation

In the year 1733, this temple was found by the CA. Lons a Dutch nationality, and in the year 1855 Jan Willem I Jzerman start cleaning and moving some rocks and soil from the temple. A few moments later Isaac Groneman doing large-scale demolition and temple stones are stacked haphazardly along the River Opak. In the year 1902-1903, Theodoor van Erp care for a vulnerable section collapsed. In the year 1918-1926, the restoration effort was continued by the Bureau of Antiquities (Oudheidkundige Dienst) led by PJ Perquin in a more methodical and systematic, as known to his predecessors did removal and demolition of thousands of rock without thinking of the restoration effort. In 1926 De Haan continued until his death in 1930. In 1931 restoration efforts continued by Ir. V.R. Van Remondt until the year 1942 and later handed over to the Indonesia government and continued until the year 1993.

In the year 1733, this temple was found by the CA. Lons a Dutch national, in 1855 and Jan Willem IJzerman start cleaning this temple and many parts of the temple which was renovated using new stone, because the original stones were stolen many or reused elsewhere. A temple will only be restored if at least 75% of the original stone compiler still exists. Therefore, there are many small temples that can not be built again, and just looked the base. Now, this temple is a protected site by UNESCO in 1991. This means that the temple complex is shielded and has a special status, although in a war situation.

Prambanan is the largest Hindu temple in Southeast Asia, the main temple building height is 47m. This temple complex consists of 8 temple / main temples and more than 250 small temples. Three main temples called Trisakti and dedicated to the hyang Trimurti: "Batara Shiva the Destroyer," Batara Vishnu the Preserver and Batara Brahma the Creator.

Shiva temple located in the middle contains four rooms, where one room is located in each direction of the wind. While the first contains a statue of Shiva Batara ten feet, the other three statues contain a smaller size, the statue of Durga, sakti or wife Batara Shiva, Agastya, teacher, and Ganesha, his son.
Durga is also known as Rara/Lara (Loro Jonggrang) which means a slender virgin by the local population.
Two other temples dedicated to Vishnu Batara, this temple facing north. Meanwhile, the only temple dedicated to Brahma Batara, this temple facing south. In addition there are several other small temples dedicated to the Nandini Bull, Batara Siwa Vehicle, the Swan, Batara Brahma Vehicle, the Garuda, and Batara Wisnu Vehicle.

Relief

From around 20 edge of the temple described the epic Ramayana. Version of the epic is described here is different from Old Javanese Kakawin Ramayana, but similar to the Ramayana story passed on by oral tradition. In addition, the temple complex is surrounded by more than 250 temples of varying sizes called perwara. In the Prambanan temple complex is a museum that keeps ancient objects, including the god Shiva Linga stone, a symbol of fertility.

2006 Earthquake On May 27, 2006 earthquake with the power of 5.9 on the Richter scale (United States Geological Survey reported the quake strength at 6.2 on the Richter scale) hit Bantul and surrounding areas. This earthquake caused great damage to many buildings and death in the population there. One of the buildings were badly damaged Prambanan temple complex, especially the Brahma Temple.

Borobudur a hill which sets of ten levels boddhisattwa virtue

Borobudur is the name of a Buddhist temple located at Borobudur village, Magelang, Central Java. Location of the temple is approximately 100 km in the south-west of Semarang and 40 km northwest of Yogyakarta. This temple was founded by the Mahayana Buddhists around the year 800 AD the dynasty during the reign of Sailendra. In ethnic Tionghoa, this temple is also called luo fu pó tú in Mandarin.

Many theories attempt to explain the name of this temple. One of them states that the name is probably derived from the word Sambharabhudhara, which means mountain (bhudara) where the slopes are located terraces. In addition there are some other popular etymologies. For example borobudur word comes from the word the Buddha is due to alignment pronounced became borobudur. Another explanation is that the name derives from the two words bara and the beduhur. The word bara supposedly comes from the word temple, while there is also another explanation in which the bara is derived from Sanskrit which means temple or monastery complex and beduhur meaning is high, or to remind the Balinese language means above. So the intention is a monastery or a dormitory in the high ground.

Historians J.G. de Casparis in his dissertation to obtain his doctorate in 1950 argued that Borobudur is a place of worship. Based on the inscription Karangtengah and Kahulunan, Casparis predicted the founder of Borobudur is the king of Mataram from Sailendra dynasty called Samaratungga, who did this construction around the year 824 AD. The new giant buildings can be completed at the time of her daughter, Queen Pramudawardhani. Borobudur development is expected for half a century. In the Karangtengah inscription mentioned the granting of land sima (tax-free land) by Cri Kahulunan (Pramudawardhani) to maintain Kamūlān called Bhūmisambhāra. The term Kamūlān comes from the word alpha which means place of origin, the shrine to honor the ancestors (possibly the ancestors of the dynasty Sailendra). Casparis estimates that Bhumi Sambhara Bhudhāra in Sanskrit which means a hill set of ten levels boddhisattwa virtue was the original name of Borobudur.

Borobudur Structure
Borobudur temple shaped like a ladder consisting of six levels of a square, three-level circular and a circular main stupa as a peak. Also spread some of the stupa at all levels.
At the tenth level of the Borobudur temple clearly illustrates Mahayana philosophy. Like a book, Borobudur describes ten Bodhisattva levels to go to achieve perfection became the Buddha.On the basis section of Borobudur Temple symbolizes Kamadhatu, the world is still dominated by the kama" or low desire. This section is mostly covered by a pile of stone that allegedly made to strengthen the construction of the temple. In the closed structures have an additional 120 panels story of Kammawibhangga. A small portion was made a separate structure so that people can still see the relief in this section.

Four floors with walls that have relief on it by the experts called "Rupadhatu". The floor is rectangular. "Rupadhatu" is a world that is able to break free from lust, but is still bound by the appearance and shape. This level represents the nature of that is, between nature and the natural bottom up. In Rupadhatu, there are Buddha statues in niches above ballustrade wall or hallway. In the fifth to the seventh floor of the temple wall was no relief. This level is called Arupadhatu (which means no tangible form or not). Floor plan on the Arupadhatu is circular. This level represents the nature of, where people are free from all desires and the bond forms and shapes, but have not reached nirvana. Buddha statues are placed in the stupa covered with holes as in a cage. From outside the statues were still dim.

The highest level that describes the absence of being was represented by the largest and the highest stupa. This stupa described as plain with no holes. Inside the biggest stupa, ever found Buddha statue that is not perfect or also known as unfinished Buddha, who incorrectly interpret as Adibuddha statue, but through further research there has never been a statue at the main stupa, which was not completed sculpture was a mistake on the ancient sculptors. According to the belief that the statue is not appropriate, in the manufacturing process are not destroyed. Archaeological excavations conducted in this temple this page to find a lot of statues like this.
In the past, several statues of Buddha along with the 30 stone reliefs, two lions, a few stone-shaped "when", stairs and gates are sent to the King of Thailand, Chulalongkorn, who visited the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) in 1896 as a gift from "the government Dutch East Indies at that time.
Borobudur has no worship spaces like the other temples. There are long hallways that resembled a narrow street. The hallways surrounding the walled temple level by level. In these corridors, Buddhist expected to do a temple walk around ceremonial to the right. The shape of the building, without room and terraced structure is expected the development of the form ladder-shaped punden, which is the original architectural form of the Indonesia prehistoric.

Borobudur structure when viewed from above form Mandala structure. Borobudur structure does not use cement at all, but the Interlock system is like Lego blocks that can be attached without glue.

Relief
At every level carved reliefs on temple walls. These reliefs read as counter-clockwise or called mapradaksina in Old Javanese language derived from Sanskrit that means is the east. These reliefs variety of story content, among other reliefs was tell about the Jataka.
Reading of the stories of these reliefs always begins, and ends on the east side of the gate on each level, starting on the left and right ends of the gate. So that it can be concluded that the east is the main staircase leading to the temple top, this means that the temple faced the east, although each side of the Borobudur temple has the same form.
In sequence, the story on the temple reliefs meaningful briefly as follows:

Karmawibhangga

In accordance with the symbolic meaning of the foot of the temple, reliefs on stone-covered walls depict the law of karma. Rows of relief are not a serial story but in each frame was describes a story that has a causal correlation. Relief is not only give you an idea of human moral turpitude accompanied by penalties that will be obtained, but also the human good deeds and reward will be given. On the whole the story is a portrayal of human life in the circle of birth - life - death (samsara) that never ends, and with Buddhism - the chain will be terminated for to perfection.
Lalitawistara

The story is about a depiction of the Buddha in a row of relief (but not a complete history) which starts from the Buddha's descent from "heaven Tusita, and ends with the first command in the Deer Park near the city of Banaras. Relief is a row of stairs to the south, after relief through the rows of 27 frames starting from the east side of the stairs. Frame-frame described activity, both in heaven and on earth, in preparation to welcome the presence of the last incarnation of The Bodhisattvas as the candidate of Buddha. Reliefs depict the birth of the Buddha in arcapada as Prince Siddhartha, son of King Suddhodana and Queen Maya of the State Kapilavastu. Relief amount to 120 frames, which ended with the first command, which is symbolically expressed as play Wheel of Dharma, the teachings of The Buddha called dharma which also means law, whereas the dharma is represented as a wheel.

Jataka and Awadana

Jataka tales are stories of the Buddha before he was born as Prince Siddharta. Protrusion of the contents is the subject of good works, which distinguishes the Bodhisattvas of other human beings. Indeed, the collection service / good deed is a preparation stage in the level of effort towards the Buddhahood.
Awadana while basically similar to the Jataka but the culprit is not the Bodhisattvas, but other people and the stories collected in the book Diwyawadana which means noble godlike deeds, and the book Awadanasataka or a hundred stories Awadana. In the relief of Borobudur temple Jataka and awadana treated equally, which means they are in the same row without a distinguishable. The set of the most famous of the life of the Bodhisattvas is Jatakamala or strands Jataka stories, the work of Aryasura poet who lived in the 4th century AD
Gandawyuha

Gandawuhya is a row of reliefs that decorated the walls of the 2nd hall, is the story of Sudhana who traveled tirelessly in his quest for knowledge about the Supreme Truth. The portrayal of these searches related in 460 frames which are based on scripture Mahayana Buddhism, entitled Gandawyuha, and for the closing is based on another book of stories, Bhadracari.

Stages of development of Borobudur

The first stage
Borobudur temple construction period is not known certainly (estimated between 750 and 850 AD). Borobudur temple was originally built in the shape multilevel scheme. It seems designed as a pyramid-shaped like a ladder, but then this design changed. As evidence is the existence of the scheme dismantled.
The second stage
Borobudur foundation widened then added with two levels of shape "square and a circular level that directly provided a large stupa.
Third stage
At the top of the circle with a large stupa dismantled and removed and then replaced by three circles. Stupas built on top of this level with a large stupa in the middle.
Fourth Stage
There are small changes such as creating a relief, changes in the form of stairs, and changes in the arch above the door.

Overview of time the process of restoration of Borobudur Temple
1814 - Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, a Governor-General of the United Kingdom in Java, heard of the discovery of archaeological objects in the village of Borobudur. Raffles ordered H.C. Cornelius to investigate the location of the discovery at that time the hill was filled with the bushes.

1873 - The first monograph published about the temple.
1900 - Dutch East Indies government established a committee of the restoration and maintenance of Borobudur temple.
1907 - Theodoor van Erp led the restoration until 1911.
1926 - Borobudur restored again, but stopped in 1940 due to malaise and the crisis of World War II.

1956 - The Indonesian government requested the assistance of UNESCO. Prof. Dr. C. Coremans came to Indonesia from Belgium to investigate the causes of damage to Borobudur.
1963 - The Indonesian government issued a decree to restore Borobudur, but not running as it should because the incident of G-30-S.
1968 - At a conference-15 in France, UNESCO agreed to provide assistance to rescue Borobudur.

1971 - The Indonesian government established a restoration of Borobudur temple institute headed by Prof.Ir.Roosseno.
1972 - International Consultative Committee was formed with the involvement of various countries and "Roosseno as chairman of this committee. UNESCO to provide 5 million U.S. dollars, the cost of restoration is estimated at 7750 million U.S. dollars. The rest of the shortage of restoration costs was borne by Indonesia.
August 10, 1973 - President Soeharto inaugurated the start of restoration of Borobudur; restoration was completed in 1984
January 21, 1985 - There was a bomb attack that destroyed several stupas at Borobudur Temple, it was soon restored. The attack carried out by extreme Islamic group led by Husein Ali Alhabsyi.

1991 - Borobudur designated as a UNESCO World Heritage.

Kutai Martadipura An Ancient Borneo's Kingdom

Kutai Martadipura is patterned Hindu kingdom in the archipelago which has the oldest historical evidence. The kingdom is located in the Muara Kaman, East Kalimantan, precisely in the Mahakam River upstream. Kutai name was given by experts from the name of the discovery of an inscription, which indicates the presence of plaque kingdom. There is no inscription that clearly mentions the name of this kingdom, and indeed very little information can be obtained.

History
Yupa
The information was obtained from Yupa (the inscription used in sacrificial rites) which comes from the 4th century. There are seven yupa which is the source for experts in interpreting the history of the Kingdom of Kutai. From one of these yupa known that the king who ruled the kingdom of Kutai at that time was Mulawarman. His name is recorded in yupa for his philanthropy provides 20,000 cows to the Brahmins.

Mulawarman
Mulawarman is Aswawarman children and grandchildren of Kundungga. Name Mulawarman and Aswawarman very thick with the influence of the Sanskrit word when seen from the way of writing. Kundungga was an official of the Kingdom of Campa (Cambodia) which came to Indonesia. Kundungga allegedly had embraced Buddhism.

Aswawarman
Aswawarman is probably the first king of Kingdom of Kutai, a patterned Hindu. He is known as the founder of the Kutai dynasty, so given the title Wangsakerta which means forming a family. Aswawarman has 3 sons, and one of them is Mulawarman.
Aswawarman son is Mulawarman. From yupa note that in the reign of Mulawarman, Kutai experiencing the golden age. Territory is covering almost the entire region of East Kalimantan. People of Kutai live well and prosper.
The Kingdom of Kutai does not seem to appear again by the outside world because of lack of communication with the outside world, so the name of this kingdom is not popular.

The end of Kingdom of Kutai
The Kingdom of Kutai ended when it’s King, called the Maharaja Setia Dharma killed in battle were killed by the King Kutai Kartanegara 13th, Aji Mendapa Prince Panji Anum. Thing to note that the Kutai Kingdom (Kutai Martadipura) was different from Kutai Kartanegara Kingdom, which the first capital is in Kutai Lama (Tanjung Kute). Kingdom Kutai Kartanegara here in the year 1365, which is mentioned in the book titled Javanese literature Negarakertagama. Kutai Kartanegara further developed into the Islamic empire as Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate.

Names the King of the Kingdom of Kutai
1. Maharaja Kundungga, has a royal title anumerta Dewawarman
2. Maharaja Asmawarman (Kundungga’s son)
3. Maharaja Mulawarman
4. Maharaja Marawijaya Warman
5. Maharaja Gajayana Warman
6. Maharaja Tungga Warman
7. Maharaja Jayanaga Warman
8. Maharaja Nalasinga Warman
9. Maharaja Nala Parana Tungga
10. Maharaja Gadingga Warman Dewa
11. Maharaja Indra Warman Dewa
12. Maharaja Sangga Warman Dewa
13. Maharaja Candrawarman
14. Maharaja Sri Langka Dewa
15. Maharaja Guna Parana Dewa
16. Maharaja Wijaya Warman
17. Maharaja Sri Aji Dewa
18. Maharaja Mulia Putera
19. Maharaja Nala Pandita
20. Maharaja Indra Paruta Dewa
21. Maharaja Dharma Setia

Others
The name Maharaja Kundungga by historians interpreted as Indonesia's real name is not affected by the name of Indian culture. While his son is named Asmawarman allegedly had been influenced by Hindu culture. This is based on the fact that the word Warman comes from Sanskrit. The word is usually used to suffix the names of people or southern Indian population.

Java Island

Java is the name of the island in Indonesia. This island is the most populated island, and the thirteenth largest island in the world. Size 138,793.6 Km2 Island with a population of approximately 124 million inhabitants (density of 979 inhabitants per km2). Java population is mostly ethnic Javanese and Sundanese. Sundanese tribe residing mainly in the west side of the island of Java, while Java tribe residing on the central and east. In the west the island of Java, there are also many ethnic communities of Java or Java-speaking tribes. While in the middle of the island of Java, there are tribal communities or ethnic Sundanese language Sundanese, especially in Brebes and Cilacap District. In addition, there is also the Madurese, Balinese tribes in East Java and Betawi tribes in the west Java, precisely in the city of Jakarta and surrounding areas.
Administratively, the island of Java consists of six provinces:
1. Special Region Province of Jakarta

2. Banten
3. West Java Province
4. Central Java
5. East Java Province
6. Special Region Province of Yogyakarta
This island is part of a cluster of Greater Sunda Islands and Sunda shelf, which in the days before the ice melts a tip of the southeastern part of Asia.

List of mountains on the island of Java
Java Island is a volcanic island. On this island there are many volcanoes.
1. Mount Anjasmara
2. Mount Argapura
3. Mount Arjuna
4. Mount Gede Dol Hensem
5. Mount Pangrango
6. Mount Salak
7. Mount Burangrang
8. Mount Tangkuban Parahu
9. Mount Bukit Tunggul
10. Mount Malabar
11. Mount Wayang
12. Mount Masigit
13. Mount Papandayan
14. Mount Guntur
15. Mount Cikuray
16. Mount Patuha
17. Mount Cereme
18. Mount Slamet
19. Mount Sundara
20. Mount Sumbing

21. Mount Merapi
22. Mount Merbabu
23. Mount Muria
24. Mount Ungaran
25. Mount Lawu
26. Mount Welirang
27. Mount Kembar I
28. Mount Kembar II
29. Mount Penanggungan
30. Mount Mahameru
31. Mount Wilis
32. Mount Raung
33. Mount Ijen
34. Mount Bromo
35. Mount Krakatau
36. Mount Galunggung

List of mountains on the island of Java
1. Mountains Sewu
2. Mountains Kendeng
3. Mountains Kapur Utara

Kalimantan Island

Kalimantan is an island located north of the island of Java and west of Sulawesi Island. This big Island is shared by Brunei, Indonesia and Malaysia.
First name of the third largest island in the world is Warunadwipa, which means God of the Sea Islands. This island is often referred to Borneo, while areas in the territory of Indonesia called Kalimantan, while Malaysia's region called the Sarawak and Sabah. In addition, there is sultanate of Brunei. At first, Borneo was the name used by the colonial British and Dutch, while the name of the island of Borneo Indonesia is used by residents. In Indonesian, North Borneo is the name for the North Borneo (Sabah), but in the sense now of North Borneo is the northern part of East Kalimantan. So, in the broadest sense Kalimantan is the entire island of Borneo, while in the narrow sense Kalimantan is the Indonesian territory.

Etymology
First, the use of the word Borneo comes from the Sultanate of Brunei Darussalam which is a huge and wide empire (including Sarawak and parts of Sabah as part of Sabah is a region of the Mindanao- Sulu sultanate. The Portuguese traders called Borneo and used by the Europeans. According to kekawin Negarakertagama (1365) ancient kingdom of Brunei called Barune, so that some are calling Waruna Pura. But the natives call it pulo Klemantan.
Second. According to the Crowfurd Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Island (1856), the Borneo is a kind of mango, so the Island of Borneo Island has the meaning as mango. But he added that it is part of the tale and does not popular
Third, According to Drs. B. Ch. Chhabra in the journal MBRAS Vol 3 Part XV p. 79 mentions the customs of ancient India with the name of the agricultural products like jewawut. In the language sanksekerta, Java Island comes from the word yawa, so the island was called yawadwipa. So based on that analogy, the island with a Sanskrit name Amra-dwipa has a meaning as the mango island.
Fourth, According to C. Hose and Mac Dougall stated that the word Kalimantan comes from 6 groups of local tribes. These tribes are Sea Dayak (Iban), Kayan, Kenyan, Klemantan, Munut, and Punan. In his essay, Natural Man, a Record from Borneo (1926), Hose C explained that Klemantan is the new name is used by the Malays.
Fifth, According to WH Treacher in the British Borneo in the journal MBRAS (1889), wild mangoes are not known in northern Borneo. In addition, Kalimantan was never known as an island that produces mango probably once called Sago Island because the word Lamantah is the original name of raw sago.
Sixth, According to Prof. Dr. Slamet Muljana in his book Srivijaya (LKIS 2006), the use of the word Kalimantan is not a native Melayu language, as is said of Malaya, melayu originating from India (Malaya which means mountain). Borneo or Klemantan derived from Sanskrit, Kalamanthana island where the air is very hot or burn (cal [a]: season, time and Manthan [a]: to burn). Because of the vocals a kala, and manthana according to custom does not spoken. Then Kalamanthana spoke as Kalmantan, which came to be called by the natives as Klemantan or Quallamontan that eventually reduced to Borneo.

Other Names of Kalimantan Island
Srivijaya Kingdom called Bakulapura, ie colony located in the northwest Borneo. Bakula in Sanskrit means tanjung tree (mismusops alengi) that Bakulapur had become the Melayu name Tanjungpura means the country / island tanjung tree that is the name of the Spanish Empire which is often used as the name of this island.
Kingdom of Majapahit in kakawin Negara Kertagama book written in 1365 called Tanjungnagara which also includes Philippines as Saludung (Manila) and the Sulu Archipelago.
Hikayat Banjar an ancient chronicle of South Kalimantan in the final chapter was written in 1663, but this text is derived from the manuscript text in Malays language with a much longer period, the era of the Hindu kingdom, in it called the island of Kalimantan with Malays name the island Hujung Tanah. The term Hujung Tanah appears on geomorphology of South Kalimantan region in ancient times that shaped peninsula which is formed from a series of Meratus Mountains jutting into the sea of Java. This situation is identical to the shape of the tip of the Malay Peninsula Johor State is often called Ujung Tanah in ancient Malays manuscripts. Peninsula Hujung Tanah is conflicting with the territory of Majapahit in East Java which later got the name Tanjungnagara which means the island is shaped headland / peninsula.
Nusa Kencana is the name the island of Borneo in the Ancient Java scripts as the King Jayabaya forecast at the end of the Majapahit kingdom era, regarding Java will be governed by the Japanese who came from the direction of Nusa Kencana, term for the area now a province of South Kalimantan. As proven before crossing to Java, the Japanese army first masters Banjarmasin, capital of Kalimantan at the time. Nusa Kencana is sometimes described as the Tanah Sabrang is a manifestation of State of Alengka which is primitive kingdom the giant residential land across Java. In the area of Tanah Sabrang is the term Tanah Dayak mentioned in the Maha Parwa manuscript.
"Banjar Island" is a term in the 17th century to describe the population of Gowa, Selaparang (Lombok), Sumbawa and Bima because these kingdoms have bilateral relations with the Sultanate of Banjar.
Big Java is a term from Marcopolo an explorer from Italy.
Jaba Daje means north of the island of Java (from the island of Madura) Madurese terms of the new Borneo Island in the 20th century.

Kalimantan in Name

Sarekat Kalimantan, a fusion of Marabahan Youth Unity with local youth organizations in South Kalimantan. Kalimantan Raya, a newspaper published in the city of Banjarmasin by AA Hamidhan on March 5, 1942.
Zuider en Ooster Afdeeling van Borneo, the South and East from Kalimantan island, which covers an area of South Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan and East Kalimantan, which was ruled by a resident until 1942 its capital in the city of Banjarmasin.

History
Early History
Borneo Island is located in the middle of Southeast Asia, because that island is a lot of cultural and political influence of the surrounding islands. Around the year 400 the island of Borneo has been in historical ages with the discovery of the Yupa inscription. This inscription is historical evidence of Kutai Kingdom. Although already entered the historical age but the development progress of civilization on the island of Borneo is relatively more slowly than the other islands, this is due to geographical constraints and the small population.
In the year 1362 Majapahit kingdom under the leadership of Mahapatih Gajah Mada to expand his power to the island of Borneo, covers an area: Kapuas, Katingan, Sampit, Kota Ungga, Kota Waringin, Sambas, Lawai, Kadandangan, Landa, Samadang, Tirem, Sedu, Barune, Kalka, Saludung, Solot, Pasir, Barito, Sawaku, Tabalong, Tanjung Malano, Kutei and remain the most important on the island Tanjungpura.
In the colonial period Dutch East Indies, the Kalimantan island known as Borneo. This does not mean the name of Kalimantan is not known. In the letters Prince Tamjidillah from the Kingdom of Banjar in 1857 to the Dutch Residents in Banjarmasin he mentions Kalimantan Island, rather than the island of Borneo. This shows that among the population, the name Kalimantan is better known than the name of Borneo that is used in the administration of the Dutch East Indies colonial administration. Kalimantan name became popular again around the 1940's.

In The Government United States of Indonesia
After taking over from the Japanese island of Borneo, NICA urged the Federal Borneo to immediately establish State of Borneo after State of East Indonesia that has stood. Thus was formed Council of West Kalimantan on October 28, 1946. This state became the Special Region of West Kalimantan on May 27, 1947; with the Regional Head, Sultan Hamid II of Pontianak Sultanate with the rank of Major General. This region consists of 13 autonomous kingdoms as the Dutch East Indies era covers an area of Sambas, Pontianak, Mempawah, Landak, Kubu, Tayan, Meliau, Sekadau, Sintang, SELIMBAU, Simpang, Sukadana and Matan.
Great Dayak Council was formed on December 7, 1946, and later on January 8, 1947 established Council Pagatan, Laut Island Council and House of Cantung Sampanahan who joined the Federation of East Kalimantan. Then on February 18, 1947 formed the Council of Sand and Federation of East Kalimantan, which on August 26, 1947 to join the Council of East Kalimantan. Next East Kalimantan Region changed to Special Region of East Kalimantan by Head of Region Parikshit Sultan Aji from Kutai Sultanate with the rank of Colonel. Banjar area who have finally caught the federal district was formed Council of Banjar dated January 14, 1948.
Governor of Borneo in the government of Indonesia in Yogyakarta, the Prince Muhammad Noor, send Cilik Riwut and Hasan Basry in the mission to defend the independence struggle against the power of NICA. On May 17, 1949, Lt. Col. Hassan Basry as Governor Army Navy Area Defense IV Kalimantan makes statements Proclamation of Kalimantan which states that Kalimantan still an integral part of the Republic of Indonesia which was proclaimed on August 17, 1945. This government is a game effort against the formation of Banjar Council founded the Dutch.
In the United States government of the Republic of Indonesia, Kalimantan into several units of state is:
1. Special Region of West Kalimantan
2. Special Region of East Kalimantan
3. Dayak Besar
4. Banjar area
5. Federation of East Kalimantan
Since 1938, Kalimantan Dutch East Indies (Borneo) is a unit of administrative regions under a governor, which is located in Banjarmasin, and has representatives in Volksrad. Vice Kalimantan in Volksrad:
1. Prince Muhammad Ali (sebelum 1935)
2. Prince Muhammad Noor (1935-1939)
3. Mr. Tadjuddin Noor
Kalimantan’s Governor
1. Dr. A. Haga (1938-1942),
2. Pangeran Musa Ardi Kesuma (1942-1945),
3. Ir. Pangeran Muhammad Noor (2 September 1945),
4. dr. Moerjani (14 Agustus 1950),
5. Mas Subarjo (1953-1955),
Raden Tumenggung Arya Milono (1955-1957),
The re-establishment Kalimantan province on August 14, 1950 after the dissolution of the RIS, celebrated as the anniversary of South Kalimantan Province (formerly called the province of Kalimantan, one of the first provinces). Until the year 1956 Borneo is divided into 3 provinces, namely South Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, and West Kalimantan. Furthermore, on May 23, 1957, officially formed the Central Kalimantan province formerly known as Big as the Dayak Regional separation of South Kalimantan, stood a 17th province to an independent.

Melanesia the Black Islands

Melanesia (from Greek "black islands") is a territory that extends from the western Pacific to the Arafura Sea, north and northeast of Australia. The term was first used by Jules Dumont d'Urville in 1832 to refer to a grouping of ethnic and islands distinct from Polynesia and Micronesia. Today, the racial classification d'Urville deemed inappropriate because he was covering cultural diversity, linguistic, and genetic Melanesia and now is used only for geographical naming it.
In addition, countries Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia (which is a French dependency) uses this term to describe themselves because it reflects the colonial history and common regional situation is similar.

Multatuli (Eduard Douwess Dekker)

Eduard Douwes Dekker (born in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, March 2, 1820 - died in Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany, February 19, 1887 at age 66 years), better known as Multatuli, is the Dutch writer known for writing the book Max Havelaar (1860), his satirical novel that contains criticism of the abuses of the colonizers against the indigenous people.
Eduard has a brother, named Jan; Eduard has a brother, named Jan, who was the grandfather of the Indonesian independence movement leader, Ernest Douwes Dekker.

Childhood
Eduard was born in Amsterdam. His father was a ship captain who earned enough money so that the family includes well-established and educated family.
Eduard then schooled in the Latin schools which will be continued to a university education. Initially Eduard well performed because Eduard an outstanding student and smart enough. But over time, Eduard was bored, so his performance declined. This makes Eduard's father sent him out of school and he was put to work in a commercial office.

Being a small staff
For Eduard, took him to work in a trading office made him feel excluded from social intercourse with his friends among wealthy families; He even placed in a position which he considered despicable as a helper in a small office textile company. It was there that he felt how to be a poor and being among the community. This work was done for four years and left the impression that will not forget in his life. “From the living among the influential then live among the people make him know that many societies that do not have the influence and protection ", as written Paul van’t Veer Multatuli biographies.

To the Dutch East Indies
When his father came home from his trip, he saw a change in Eduard’s attitude. This caused his father's intention to carry on a trip. At that time, the Dutch East Indies have the opportunity to seek wealth and position, also for the Dutch people are not educated or less educated. In 1838 Eduard went to Java and in 1839 arrived in Batavia as an inexperienced sailor on board his father. With the help of his father's friend, Eduard has a job as a civil servant (ambtenaar) in the office of Financial Supervision of Batavia. Three years later he applied for a job as a civil servant in West Sumatra and by the Governor-General Andreas Victor Michiels he was sent to Bandung, a remote city as a controller.

Get Sack
Eduard feels comfortable living in a remote town. A civilian government employees is fairly high positions there, with age is still young enough, he felt a higher power. In his post he took on the task of government and the courts, and also has financial and administrative duties. But he did not like his duties so that he does not work properly. Eduard boss who then conduct an audit found major losses in government cash. Because of his attitudes ignore the warning and the loss of government cash, Eduard suspended from office by the Governor of West Sumatra General Michiels. During a year he lived in Padang with no income. In September 1844 he obtained permission to return to Batavia. Then he was rehabilitated by the government and gets the “waiting money ".

Get Married
While awaiting placement task, Eduard fell in love with Everdine van Wijnbergen, bankrupt patrician. In April 1846 married Everdine, In that time he worked as a temporary ambtenaar resident assistant in the office of Purwakarta.

Working again
Learning from his experience while on duty in Natal, Eduard work well as government ambtenaar that in 1846 he was appointed as permanent employees. His position was raised to the resident commissioner in the office Purworejo. Because of his achievements made him prefect appointed by Johan George Otto Stuart von Schmidt auf Altenstadt became official secretary to replace the previous resident. But because Eduard does not have a diploma as a condition placed as a high-level government officials, Eduard did not get a real promotion. But the Governor-General to provide recognition of diplomas in the things that are considered special in terms capable of carrying out government duties. Eduard apply to the Governor General, and succeeded in obtaining the position because his work performance. This decision can be understood from his superior, the prefect of Purworejo. Failure while on duty in London is considered as a young employee mistake that can be forgiven.
In subsequent career, Eduard was appointed as secretary resident in Manado, in the end of April 1849 which is the time of Eduard the best career. Eduard feel comfortable with the Resident who became his boss Scherius so he got the attention of officials in Bogor for the progressive opinions on the draft regulations to changes in the colonial legal system. His career rose to assistant resident, who was a career high second-most among the Ambtenaar of the Dutch East Indies. Eduard accepts this position and was assigned in Ambon in February 1851.

The Governor Clash
Despite having a high enough position in the Dutch East Indies ambtenaar, Eduard felt did not fit with the authoritarian governor of Maluku. This situation makes the ambtenaar subordinates can not show initiative. Eduard applies leave on health grounds, so get permission to leave to go Dutch. And on Christmas Day 1852, he and his wife arrived at the port of Hellevoetsluis near Rotterdam.

Move to Lebak
During leave in the Netherlands, Edward was not able to manage finances well; he owed much. Besides that, he often suffered defeat at the gambling table. Although Edward has proposed an extension of leave of absence in the Netherlands, he and his wife eventually returned to Batavia on September 10, 1855. Not long after, Edward was appointed as Assistant Resident of Lebak lies south of the residents of Banten. He was placed in Rangkasbitung in January 1856. Edward doing a job well enough and responsible. But he found the situation in Lebak is very bad even worse than the news he gets.

Blackmail in Lebak
London Regent, which according to the Dutch East Indies colonial system at that time was appointed head of government with a system of inheritance has been in power for 30 years, was experiencing financial difficulties due to severe expenditure greater than revenue earned. Thus, the Regent of Lebak rely solely on income from labor is required to districts based on population habits. Edward Douwes Dekker found that forced labor is imposed on the people has exceeded the limit, even in the practice of extortion that made Regent of Lebak and its officials by asking for tribute (the crop or livestock) to its people. Even if bought with a price must be cheap.
Not yet a month Multatuli work in Lebak, he wrote a letter to his superior, the prefect CP Brest van Kempen of the event. Eduard requested that the regent and his sons were arrested and checked for events that violate the law. Another cause is the news of the regent of Cianjur visit to Lebak, which is a Lebak regent's nephew, who made Edward conclusions, will cause a lot of blackmail to the people. His superiors, Brest van Kempen was shocked by Eduard’s news, so did the investigation, but refused the request. Next Eduard requested that the case be forwarded to the Governor-General AJ Duymaer van Twist, a leader with liberal opinion. But Eduard just gets warnings. Disappointed, Eduard resignation request and his request were granted by his superiors.

Back to Europe
Once again, Eduard lost their jobs due to disputes with his superiors. His efforts to find another job failed. His Successful brother tobacco farming lends money to Eduard for the return to Europe to work there. His family was temporarily abandoned in Batavia.
In Europe, Eduard worked as editor of a newspaper in Brussels, Belgium but not long after he left. Then his attempt to get a job as an interpreter at the French Consulate in Nagasaki also failed. His attempt to become rich at the gambling table just makes it even more destitute.

Began to write books
Other Eduard ideals which are the author successfully realized. When he returned from Holland, he took various manuscript copies of plays and letters when he served as assistant resident in Lebak. In September 1859, when his wife filed for divorce, Eduard shut himself in a hotel room in Brussels and wrote a book Max Havelaar, who later became famous.
The book was published in 1860 in the version edited by the publisher without her knowledge but still caused uproar among the people especially in the area of his own country. In 1875, he published a revised edition of the book. His name as the author has received recognition, which means gradually Eduard can expect revenue from publishing his work.
When published novel Max Havelaar, he uses the pseudonym 'Multatuli'. The name derives from the Latin word for “‘I’ve suffered enough'" or " 'I have suffered much'"; in here, I can mean Multatuli himself or the people who colonized. After the book sold in the whole of Europe, open all the dark reality of the Dutch East Indies, although some of the descriptions mention Dekker as exaggerated.
Between 1862 and 1877, Eduard published Ideën (ideas) that the content description of a collection of his opinions on politics, ethics and philosophy, satire articles and dreams. The play he wrote, among Vortenschool (Kings School), performed with success.
Although the quality of literature much debate, he liked by Carel Vosmaer, the famous Dutch poet. He continued to write and publish books entitled Ideen which consists of seven parts between 1862 and 1877, and also contains a novel by Edward Woutertje Pieterse and Minnebrieven in 1861 Although the title of the novel as usual (not dangerous), but it loud satire.

End of Live
Multatuli eventually get bored living in the Netherlands. At the end of his life, he lived in Germany with a German child who was regarded as his own. Multatuli lived in Wiesbaden, Germany, where he tried to write a play. One of his plays, Vorstenschool (published in 1875 in the fourth volume Ideën) stating his not holding on to a political, or religious community. During the last twelve years of his life, Eduard did not invent but only write a few letters.
Eduard Douwes Dekker and then moved to the Ingelheim am Rhein near Rhein River until she died February 19, 1887.
Multatuli has inspired not only literary work in Indonesia, such as Generation group, but he has composed the national spirit in Indonesia. This national spirit is not just a rebellion against the system of colonialism and economic exploitation of the Dutch East Indies (eg cultivation) but also to the customary rule and feudalism endless rabble suck. If Multatuli in Max Havelaar can be said to have personified himself as Max's idealistic and ultimately frustrating, Muhammad Yamin more focused on the colonized people, for example in his poem titled Hikajat Saidjah dan Adinda. In the philosophical side of the frustrations faced by Max and Saidjah and Adinda is the same in essence; both desperate and shackled in a chain system that can only be severed by the revolution.